Comunicación en familias que acompañan a pacientes en la clínica psiquiátrica "Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón" (Medellín-Colombia) / Communication in families that accompany to patiens in the Psychiatry Clinic "Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón" (Medellín-Colombia)

Resumen Este artículo se propuso interpretar la comunicación de familias de pacientes vinculados a intervenciones grupales en una Clínica Psiquiátrica de Medellín (Colombia). Se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo y se desarrolló a partir de las propiedades vinculadas a la dimensión de comunicación familiar. Este estilo de investigación se mantiene en la tradición hermenéutica, que siguiendo a Galeano (2004) da prioridad a los relatos de los participantes para captar las interpretaciones que ellos hacen de sus propias realidades. Los resultados sugieren que la comunicación en el acompañamiento familiar a pacientes se sostienen en tres dimensiones: "La paradoja comunicativa", "Otras alternativas de comunicación" y "Los tiempos narrativos referidos a la enfermedad mental". Se concluye que los síntomas del paciente involucran a la familia como sistema y éstos fueron construcciones intersubjetivas.

Abstract The aim of this study was to understand the communication in families of patients participating in group interventions in a Psychiatric Clinic of Medellin (Colombia). This was a qualitative research, and we carried it out according to the family communication construct. Results suggest that communication in family support towards patients have three dimensions: "Communicational paradox", "Other communication alternatives" and "Narrative times about mental illness". We concluded that the symptoms presented by the patient involve the family as a system and these were subjective constructions.

Acompañamiento familiar durante el tratamiento de pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental / Family support received through psychiatric treatment by patients with a diagnosis of mental illness

Este artículo de revisión bibliográfica forma parte de la investigación Aspectos psicológicos y familiares generados en pacientes hospitalizados y sus familias a partir de intervenciones grupales realizadas en una clínica psiquiátrica de la ciudad de Medellín (2012). Tiene como objetivo dar a conocer un rastreo bibliográfico detallado, de acuerdo con varios autores, se profundiza en el acompañamiento familiar que reciben los pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental durante el tratamiento psiquiátrico. Como metodología de revisión se consultó en bases de datos como Scielo, Google académico, Ebsco Host y la revista electrónica Agorarelacional.com. En el recorrido, se encontraron investigaciones que dan cuenta del acompañamiento familiar y su importancia en el tratamiento psiquiátrico de pacientes hospitalizados en clínicas psiquiatritas en comparación con familias que desertan de los tratamientos o que brindan poco acompañamiento. Para concluir, se encontró que es preciso incluir a las familias y darles un lugar preponderante dentro de las actividades que se realicen en el hospital psiquiátrico para permitir un espacio de escucha mutua y para minimizar las angustias referidas al tratamiento del paciente.

This article of bibliographical revision is a product of the research psychological and family aspects generated in hospitalized patients and their families, wearing group interventions, realized in a psychiatric clinic. It aims to provide a bibliographic tracking of different authors. It emphasizes, as main topic, in family support received through psychiatric treatment by patients with a diagnosis of mental illness. The methodology used was the consultation of databases like Scielo, Google academics, Ebsco Host and, specialized digital magazines, like Agorarelacional.com. Throughout the research, several investigations show the importance of family support for patients during treatment in psychiatric clinics, showing the differences with families that provide little or non-support. In conclusion. It was found that it is important to include families and give them a significant part in the activities carried out in the psychiatric hospital, as this allows mutual listening space and minimize the anxieties concerning the treatment of the patient.

Lidocaine, tetrodotoxin and their effect on consolidation of spatial memory / Lidocaína, tetrodotoxina y su efecto sobre la consolidación de la memoria espacial

This study was aimed at comparing the effect of unilateral hippocampal inactivation with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine on spatial memory consolidation. Both drugs block voltage-dependent sodium channels. However, TTX and lidocaine differ in the duration of their effects, with maximum TTX effect between 30 min and 120 min, washing out in 24 hours. Lidocaine maximum effect occurs 20-30 minutes after administration. Our experimental subjects, twenty-four 3-month-old Wistar rats, were unilaterally implanted with stainless-steel cannulae aimed at the right dorsal hippocampus. Animals received four daily trials for 5 consecutive days. Control injections of 1 µl saline, or inactivating injections of 5ng of TTX in 1 µl saline or lidocaine (2%) in 1 µl were made through a guide cannula 1 minute after the last trial from day 1 to day 4. Results showed that the groups that received TTX or lidocaine did not differ but were impaired regarding controls, suggesting that short-term consolidation processes can account for the memory impairment observed here (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido comparar el efecto de la inactivación unilateral del hipocampo con tetrodotoxina (TTX) o lidocaína sobre la consolidación de la memoria espacial. Ambas drogas bloquean los canales de sodio dependientes de voltaje, pero difieren en la duración de sus efectos, mostrando la tetrodotoxina su máxima actividad entre 30 y 120 minutos, eliminándose completamente a las 24 horas. En cambio, el máximo efecto de la lidocaína acontece entre 20-30 minutos tras su administración. Nuestros sujetos experimentales fueron canulados unilateralmente sobre hipocampo dorsal. Los animales recibieron cuatro ensayos diarios durante 5 días consecutivos. Las inyecciones control de 1 µl de un compuesto salino, o inyecciones inactivadoras de 5ng de TTX en 1 µl de salino o lidocaína (2%) en 1 µl de salino, se aplicaron a través de una cánula guía 1 minuto después del último ensayo desde los días 1 al 4. Los resultados mostraron que los grupos que recibieron TTX o lidocaína no difieren entre ellos en sus efectos, pero en cambio resultaron perjudicados en comparación con el grupo control, lo que sugiere que los procesos de consolidación a corto plazo pueden explicar la alteración mnésica que se observa en este trabajo (AU)

Lidocaine, tetrodotoxin and their effect on consolidation of spatial memory.

This study was aimed at comparing the effect of unilateral hippocampal inactivation with tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine on spatial memory consolidation. Both drugs block voltage-dependent sodium channels. However, TTX and lidocaine differ in the duration of their effects, with maximum TTX effect between 30 min and 120 min, washing out in 24 hours. Lidocaine maximum effect occurs 20-30 minutes after administration. Our experimental subjects, twenty-four 3-month-old Wistar rats, were unilaterally implanted with stainless-steel cannulae aimed at the right dorsal hippocampus. Animals received four daily trials for 5 consecutive days. Control injections of 1 microl saline, or inactivating injections of 5 ng of TTX in 1 microl saline or lidocaine (2%) in 1 microl were made through a guide cannula 1 minute after the last trial from day 1 to day 4. Results showed that the groups that received TTX or lidocaine did not differ but were impaired regarding controls, suggesting that short-term consolidation processes can account for the memory impairment observed here.

¿Serán los niños? ¿Será el contexto? / Will they be the children? ¿Will it be the context?

Los modelos socioculturales han dirigido su interés hacia la manera como las experiencias sociales influyen en el desarrollo infantil, esta teoría está representada principalmente por Lev Vygostski quien sostiene que el desarrollo cognoscitivo es la resultante de un proceso dialéctico (Vasta, Haith, & Miller, 1996) , en el cual el sujeto se enfrenta a un complejo universo de cosas, personas y problemas que sólo podrá comprender a través de la mediación de alguien más competente.

Sociocultural models have directed their interest towards the way in which social experiences influence child development, this theory is represented mainly by Lev Vygostski who argues that cognitive development is the result of a dialectical process (Vasta, Haith, & Miller, 1996 ), in which the subject faces a complex universe of things, people and problems that can only be understood through the mediation of someone more competent.

Qué es la intervención psicopedagógica: definición, principios y componentes / What is the psycho-pedagogical intervention? Definition, principles and components

La acción psicopedagógica se vincula principalmente a la planificación de procesos educativos, entendiendo planificación como un acto en el que se incluye el análisis de necesidades, establecimiento de objetivos, metas, diseño y evaluación; su fin central es contribuír al mejoramiento del acto educativo. El orientador actúa desde diversos campos como la orientación y la intervención psicopedagógica, los cuales se refieren a un conjunto de conocimientos, metodologías y principios teóricos que posibilitan la ejecución de acciones preventivas, correctivas o de apoyo, desde múltiples modelos, áreas y principios, dirigiéndose a diversos contextos. Dentro de las diversas áreas de intervención psicopedagógica, se ubica la orientación en procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje, que ha centrado su atención en la adquisición de técnicas y estrategias de aprendizaje, desarrollo de estrategias metacognitivas y motivación.

Arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity are increased after two hours of sustained but not cyclic hypoxia in healthy humans.

Sustained and episodic hypoxic exposures lead, by two different mechanisms, to an increase in ventilation after the exposure is terminated. Our aim was to investigate whether the pattern of hypoxia, cyclic or sustained, influences sympathetic activity and hemodynamics in the postexposure period. We measured sympathetic activity (peroneal microneurography), hemodynamics [plethysmographic forearm blood flow (FBF), arterial pressure, heart rate], and peripheral chemosensitivity in normal volunteers on two occasions during and after 2 h of either exposure. By design, mean arterial oxygen saturation was lower during sustained relative to cyclic hypoxia. Baseline to recovery muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure went from 15.7 +/- 1.2 to 22.6 +/- 1.9 bursts/min (P < 0.01) and from 85.6 +/- 3.2 to 96.1 +/- 3.3 mmHg (P < 0.05) after sustained hypoxia, respectively, but did not exhibit significant change from 13.6 +/- 1.5 to 17.3 +/- 2.5 bursts/min and 84.9 +/- 2.8 to 89.8 +/- 2.5 mmHg after cyclic hypoxia. A significant increase in FBF occurred after sustained, but not cyclic, hypoxia, from 2.3 +/- 0.2 to 3.29 +/- 0.4 and from 2.2 +/- 0.1 to 3.1 +/- 0.5 ml.min(-1).100 g of tissue(-1), respectively. Neither exposure altered the ventilatory response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia. Two hours of sustained hypoxia increased not only muscle sympathetic nerve activity but also arterial blood pressure. In contrast, cyclic hypoxia produced slight but not significant changes in hemodynamics and sympathetic activity. These findings suggest the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxia may depend on the intensity, rather than the pattern, of the hypoxic exposure.

Sustained muscle sympathetic activity after hypercapnic but not hypocapnic hypoxia in normal humans.

Exposure to hypercapnic hypoxia (asphyxia), but not hyperoxic hypercapnia, results in increased sympathetic activity that persists after exposure. To determine the contribution of CO2 to the post-hypoxia sympathoexcitation, we exposed 12 normal volunteers to hypocapnic and hypercapnic hypoxia (SaO2 approximately 85%) for 20 min each on different days. We measured plethysmographic forearm blood flow, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate. MSNA increased during both exposures but remained elevated for 15 min only after asphyxia. Following asphyxia, MAP returned to pre-exposure values, but after hypocapnic hypoxia MAP decreased below baseline for 15 min. There were sustained decreases in heart rate after hypocapnic, but not hypercapnic hypoxia. Forearm vascular resistance (FVR) decreased below baseline during both exposures, reached its highest value above baseline after asphyxia and then declined. After hypocapnic hypoxia FVR rose to baseline after exposure. Hemodynamics are differently altered by hypercapnic relative to hypocapnic 20 min hypoxia, while only hypercapnic hypoxia produces sustained elevation of MSNA during recovery.